Beeswax?

Back to the mead...

Four weeks ago, I racked the mead into a carboy, to allow secondary fermentation to proceed, which it did. Fermentation was more or less over a couple of weeks ago Tonight, I decided it was time to rack the mead into a clean carboy so the mead can bulk-age, lose CO₂, and clear up.

During secondary fermentation, there was a small froth on the surface, which isn't a big deal. However, as fermentation slowed down, a fine, beige solid remained on the surface of the mead, and along the inside, top surface of the glass, under the neck. The solid never dissolved.

Beeswax?

After racking, I managed to swipe my finger into the dirty, empty carbon, and get some of this material. It was granular, hard, but seemed a bit 'gummy', like paraffin wax. Question for honey and mead people: Is this beeswax?

This particular honey is not heavily processed. I used 2-3 kg of honey, so it wouldn't be a surprise if there was a small amount of beeswax in there.

Sadly, before I could measure specific gravity, I dropped my hydrometer on the floor. So, I cannot estimate alcohol content of the mead right now.

The mead sure tasted good, though. I was surprised by the sweetness. Fermentation was OVER. There shouldn't be any residual sugar in there. It could be that there are other sugars (e.g. pentoses or something like that) that the yeast did not touch. This deserves some research. Question for honey people: what types of sugar are present in honey? 

Bulk Aging

Until recently, I have not bulk-aged my wines prior to bottling. Rather, I simply followed wine kit  instructions that tell you to wait for secondary fermentation to more-or-less come to an end, add finings, rack, and bottle. The whole process from opening the kit to bottling takes only a few weeks. There is no bulk aging.

After going through the "wine kit" process (without bulk aging) several times, I observe two main problems with wines made this way:

1.  Carbonation

Fermentation produces a lot of CO₂. Where does it go? CO₂ is dissolved in the wine until it reaches saturation. After that, CO₂ bubbles out of the wine into the air. When fermentation ends, there is still a lot of dissolved CO₂ in the wine, and it takes time to move into the gas phase. One way to release CO₂ is to agitate the wine (e.g. by stirring). Another way to get rid of it is to just give it time to gradually escape through the airlock.

If you don't give it time to escape before bottling, some of the CO₂ stays dissolved in the wine. All of my non-bulk-aged wines have a level of residual carbonation that detracts from the enjoyment. It's not much, but the carbonation is noticeable on the tongue. Who wants a tiny bit of fizz in their red wine?

Over the Christmas holidays, we opened up a bottle of a raspberry wine from a local winery. To our surprise, this wine contained more CO₂ than any of my homemade wines. The wine  released bubbles right there in the wine glass, just like sparkling wine. (And, no, it wasn't meant to be a sparkling wine!) The winery had probably bottled the wine before the CO₂ could escape. Fizzy fruit wine!

2.  Sedimentation

Finings do not remove 100% of the particulates from wine. Every time I used finings without bulk aging before bottling, a small amount of sediment has always appeared in the bottle. It usually takes a few months, but it's there and it spoils the appearance.

Sediment in rhubarb wine

An obvious way to prevent this from happening is to just let the wine age in a carboy (with an airlock) for a few months. By then, virtually 100% of the sediment should have crashed out in the carboy. By the time you bottle the wine, it should not be throwing any more sediment.

I have bulk-aged my most recent wines (two versions of Dragon Blood) and will write a separate post on them. Early observations are that the bulk aging solved the carbonation problem. I'm hopeful that there won't be any sedimentation in the bottles.